Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova (Republica Moldova) is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east and south. The country is a parliamentary democracy with a president as its head of state and a prime minister as its head of government. The state language is called officially Moldovan, as it is mentioned in the Constitution,^[3] but in other cases it is also called Romanian, as in the Declaration of Independence.^[4] Like in all CIS states, Russian is also widely spoken and is the native language for 11% of the population.^[2] The capital and largest city of Moldova is Chişinău.

In the Middle Ages, most of the present territory of Moldova was part of the Principality of Moldavia, and was annexed^[5]^[6]^[7] from the latter, then a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, by the Russian Empire in 1812, under the name of Bessarabia. Upon the dissolution of the Russian Empire in 1917-1918, Bessarabia joined Romania. In 1940, Bessarabia was occupied by the Soviet Union, and after changing hands in 1941 and 1944 during World War II, it was split between the Ukrainian SSR and the newly-created Moldavian SSR.^[2] Moldova declared its independence from the USSR on August 27, 1991. Despite signing international obligations to withdraw^[8] Russian military forces have remained on Moldovan territory; since 1993 they have been stationed in the breakaway republic of Transnistria against the will of the Moldovan Government.^[9]

Moldova is a member state of the United Nations, WTO, OSCE, GUAM, CIS, BSEC and other international organizations. Moldova aspires to be member of the NATO, being accepted member of NATO Partnership for Peace. Moldova currently aspires to join the European Union^[10] and is implementing its first three-year Action Plan within the framework of the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) of the EU.^[11]

History

Main article: History of Moldova

Moldova's territory was inhabited in ancient times by Dacians, a Thracian tribe. Due to its strategic location on a route between Asia and Europe, Moldova faced several invasions, including those by the Bastarns, Huns, Magyars, Kievan Rus' and the Mongols. During the Middle Ages, the territory of Republic of Moldova, that of the Chernivtsi oblast and Budjak of Ukraine, as well as that of the eastern 8 of the 41 counties of Romania comprised the Principality of Moldavia (which, like the present-day republic, was known in Romanian as Moldova). The principality became a tributary to the Ottoman Empire during the 16th century. In 1812, according to the Treaty of Bucharest between the Ottoman and the Russian Empires, the latter annexed the eastern half of the territory of the Principality of Moldavia, including Khotyn and old Bessarabia (modern Budjak). At first, the Russians used the name "Oblast' of Moldavia and Bessarabia", allowing a large degree of autonomy, but later (in 1828) suspended the self-administration and called it Guberniya of Bessarabia, or simply Bessarabia, starting a process of Russification. The western part of Moldavia (which is not a part of present-day Moldova) remained an autonomous principality, and in 1859, united with Wallachia to form the Kingdom of Romania. In 1856, the Treaty of Paris saw two out of nine counties of Bessarabia, Cahul and Ismail, returned to Moldavia, but in 1878, the Treaty of Berlin saw the Kingdom of Romania returning them to the Russian Empire.

Upon annexation, after the expulsion of the large Tatar population of Budjak, the Moldovan/Romanian population of Bessarabia was predominant.^[12] The colonization of the region in the 19th century lead to an increase in the Russian, Ukrainian, Lipovan, and Cossack populations in the region; this together with a large influx of Bulgarian immigrants, saw an increase of the Slavic population to more than a fifth of the total population by 1920.^[13] With the settling of other nationals such as Gagauz, Jews, and Germans (Bessarabian Germans), the proportion of the Moldovan population decreased from around 80%^[14] to 52% by some sources^[15] or to 70% by others^[16] during the course of the century. The Tsarist policy in Bessarabia was in part aimed at denationalization of the Romanian element by forbidding after the 1860s education and mass in Romanian. However, the effect was an extremely low literacy rate (in 1897 approx. 18% for males, approx. 4% for females) rather than a denationalization.^[17]

World War I brought in a rise in political and cultural (national) awareness of the locals, as 300,000 Bessarabians were drafted into the Russian Army formed in 1917, within bigger units several "Moldavian Soldiers' Committees" were formed. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, a Bessarabian parliament, Sfatul Ţării (October-November 1917), which was opened on December 3 [O.S. November 21] 1917, proclaimed the Moldavian Democratic Republic (December 15 [O.S. December 2] 1917) within a federal Russian state, and formed its government (December 21 [O.S. December 8] 1917). Bessarabia proclaimed independence from Russia (February 6 [O.S. January 24] 1918), and, under pressure from the Romanian army that entered the region in early January, on April 9 [O.S. March 27] 1918, Sfatul Ţării decided with 86 votes for, 3 against and 36 abstaining, on union with the Kingdom of Romania, conditional upon the fulfilment of the agrarian reform, local autonomy, and respect for universal human rights. The conditions were dropped after Bukovina and Transylvania also joined the Kingdom of Romania.^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22] The union was recognized in the Treaty of Paris (1920),^[23] which, however, has never came into force since it was not ratified by Japan.^[24] The newly-communist Russia did not recognize the Romanian rule over Bessarabia.^[25] A mutual treaty between the Soviets and Romania was not signed due to the former's claims over Bessarabia. In the Kellogg-Briand Treaty of 1928 and the Treaty of London of July 1933, the Soviet Union and Romania have subscribed to the principle of non-violent resolution of territorial disputes. Transnistria, at the time part of the Ukrainian SSR, itself part of the USSR, was formed into the Moldavian ASSR (1924-1940) after the failure of the Tatarbunary Uprising.

The agrarian (land) reform, settled by Sfatul Ţării in 1918-1919, resulted in a rise of a middle class, as the rural population of the region represented 80%. Together with peace and favorable economic circumstances, it produced a small economic boom. However, urban development and the industry were insignificant, the region remaining an agrarian rural region throughout the interwar period.^[26] The literacy rate grew from 10.5%^[27] to 37% by 1930; however the region still remained lagging in the aspect of education, compared to a 60% literacy rate country average.^{[citation needed]} In an attempt to separate the Bessarabian ethnic minorities from the Russian influence, the Romanian authorities allowed education in any language desired.^{[citation needed]} Romanian replaced Russian in cities, the authorities sought to reduce the number of people in minority-language education and educate them in Romanian.^{[citation needed]}

Soviet era

Following the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact (Article 4 of the secret Annex to the Treaty), Bessarabia was annexed by the USSR. On June 26, 1940, Romania received an ultimatum from the Soviet Union, demanding the evacuation of the Romanian military and administration from Bessarabia and from the northern part of Bukovina, with an implied threat invasion in the event of non-compliance. Under pressure from Moscow and Berlin, the Romanian administration and the army were forced to retreat from Bessarabia as well from Northern Bukovina to avoid war.^[28]^[29] On June 28, 1940, these territories were occupied by the Soviet Union. During the retreat, the Romanian Army was attacked by the Soviet Army, which entered Bessarabia before the Romanian administration finished retreating. Some 42,876 Romanian soldiers and officers were unaccounted for after the retreat.^[30] The northern and southern parts, which had sizeable non-Moldovan communities (of Ukrainians, Bessarabian Bulgars, Bessarabian Germans and Lipovans), were transferred to the Ukrainian SSR as the Chernivtsi and Izmail Oblasts. At the same time, the Moldavian ASSR, where Moldovans were a plurality, was disbanded, and up to 1/2 of its territory was joined with the remaining territory of Bessarabia to form the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (MSSR), contiguous with present-day Moldova.

By participating in the 1941 Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, Romania seized the territory of the MSSR, and re-established its administration there. In occupied Transnistria, Romanian forces, working with the Germans, deported or exterminated 300,000 Jews, including 147,000 from Bessarabia and Bukovina. ^[31] The Soviet Army reconquered and re-annexed the area in February-August 1944.

Under early Soviet rule, deportations of locals to the northern Urals, Siberia, and Kazakhstan occurred regularly throughout the Stalinist period, with the largest ones on 12-13 June 1941, and 5-6 July 1949, accounting for 19,000 and 35,000 deportees respectively. ^[32] According to Russian historians, in 1940-1941, ca. 90,000 inhabitants of the annexed territories were subject to political persecutions.^[33] In 1946, a severe drought, exaggerated delivery quota obligations the Soviet state imposed on farmers and the resulting forced agricultural requisitions employed by the Soviet authorities when most farmers could not meet these, as well as the absence of a large part of the male work force (most of the Bessarabians enrolled into the Soviet Army in 1944 were not discharged until late 1946) resulted in a famine, which resulted in 216,000 deaths and about 350,000 cases of dystrophy in the Moldavian SSR alone.^[33] Similar events occurred in 1930s in the Moldavian ASSR.^[33] In 1944-53, there were numerous anti-Communist armed resistance groups active in Moldova; however the NKVD and later MGB managed to uproot most of them with arrests and deportation.^[33]

The postwar period saw a wide scale migration of ethnic Russians and Ukrainians into the new Soviet republic, especially into urbanized areas.

The Soviet government conducted a campaign to promote a Moldovan ethnic identity, different from that of the Romanians, based on a theory developed during the existence of the Moldavian ASSR. Official Soviet policy asserted that the language spoken by Moldovans was distinct from the Romanian language (see History of the Moldovan language). Moldovan was written in the Cyrillic alphabet, in contrast with Romanian, which was written in the Latin alphabet since 1860, to distinguish the two. Moldovan Cyrillic incorporated slight changes to the Cyrillic alphabet, most notably the use of the letter zhe with a breve (Ӂ - ӂ) to indicate the sound /dʒ/.

In 1970s and 1980s, the Moldavian SSR received substantial allocations from the budget of the USSR to develop industrial and scientific facilities as well as housing. In 1971, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a decision "About the measures for further development of the city of Kishinev", that allotted more than one billion Soviet rubles from the USSR budget; subsequent decisions also directed substantial funding and brought qualified specialists from other parts of the USSR to develop Moldova's industry.^{[citation needed]} This influx of investments was stopped in 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union, when Moldova became independent.

Independent Moldova

Along with the other peripheral Soviet republics, Moldova started to move towards independence from 1988 onwards; on August 31, 1989 a language law was passed, adopting the Latin alphabet for Moldovan and declaring it the state language of the MSSR.^[34] The first independent elections into the local parliament were held in February and March 1990.

After the attempted Moscow Putsch, Moldova declared its independence on August 27, 1991, and in December of that year signed joined the post-Soviet Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) along with most of the former Soviet republics. Declaring itself a neutral state, it did not join the military branch of the CIS. At the end of that year, a former communist reformer, Mircea Snegur, won an unchallenged election for the presidency. Three months later, the country achieved formal recognition as an independent state at the United Nations.

The part of Moldova east of the Dniester river, Transnistria, which included a larger proportion of ethnic Russians and Ukrainians, claimed independence in 1990, fearing the rise of nationalism in Moldova and the country's expected reunification with Romania upon secession from the USSR. This caused a brief military conflict between Moldova and forces supporting the secession of Transnistria in 1992. Russian military stationed in the region (14th Army) intervened on the Transnistrian side and remained on Moldovan territory east of the Dniester after the end of the military conflict, despite signing international obligations to withdraw, and against the will of Moldovan government.^[9]^[35] As of 2006, approximately 1200 of the 14th army personnel remain stationed in Transnistria. Negotiations between the Transnistrian and Moldovan leaders have been going on under the mediation of the OSCE, Russia, and Ukraine; lately observers from the European Union and the USA have become involved.

The March 1994 referendum for a new constitution that stated the independence of the republic saw an overwhelming majority of voters in support.

Since 2001, the country is a member of the WTO.

Post-independence politics

During the first 10 years of independence, Moldova was governed by coalitions of different parties, led mostly by former communist officials. The 1998 economic crisis in Russia, Moldova's main economic partner at the time, produced a political and economic crisis in the country. The political flux was cleared in 2001 when elections saw the Party of Communists of Moldova win the majority of seats in the Parliament. Its leader Vladimir Voronin was appointed president. In economic terms, the crisis provoked an emigration of labor, as well as permanent emigration from Moldova. According to the census data, from 1989 to 2004, Moldova has lost about 400,000 inhabitants, or 9% of the population. Analysts estimate that actual emigration could be higher, as many seasonal workers remain registered as living in the country. Over 100,000 people from other former Soviet states have migrated to Moldova in the 10 years after its independence. Nationally, the dominant group (Moldovan) has somewhat strengthened its position, representing 79% outside Transnistria, or 71.5% including Transnistria. In absolute numbers, the Moldovan population declined by about 50,000 people compared to 1989, while for Ukrainians and Russians this figure has reached 200,000 of each nationality; most of this change is believed to have occurred between 1998 and 2004.

Relationships between Moldova and Russia deteriorated in November 2003 over a Russian proposal for the solution of the Transnistrian conflict, which Moldovan authorities refused to accept. In the following election, held in 2005, the Communist party made a formal 180 degree turn and was re-elected on a pro-Western platform,^{[citation needed]} with Voronin being re-elected to a second term as a president. Since 1999, Moldova has constantly affirmed its desire to join the European Union,^[36]^[37] and implement its first three-year Action Plan within the framework of the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) of the EU.^[38]^[39]

Government

Main article: Politics of Moldova

Moldova is a unitary parliamentary representative democratic republic. The Constitution of Moldova, adopted in 1994 sets the framework for the government of the country. In order to amend the constitution, a parliamentary majority of at least two thirds is required. Furthermore, the constitution cannot be revised in time of war or national emergency, and no revision can be made that limits the fundamental rights enumerated in the Constitution. Furthermore, amendments to the Constitution affecting the state's sovereignty, independence, or unity can only be made after a majority of voters support the proposal in a referendum.^[40]

The country's central legislative body is the unicameral Moldovan parliament (Parlament), which has 101 seats, and whose members are elected by popular vote every four years. The head of state is the president, who is elected by Parliament, requiring the support of three fifths of the deputies (at least 61 votes). The president appoints a prime minister who functions as the head of government and who in turn assembles a cabinet, both subject to parliamentary approval. The Constitution also establishes an independent Constitutional Court, which has the power of judicial review over all acts of parliaments, Presidential decrees, and international treaties. Members of this Court are composed of six judges, two appointed by the President, Parliament, and the High Magistrates Council each. The judges serve for a term of six years, during which time they are not subordinate to any other power and cannot be removed from their posts.^[40]

Currently, the President of Moldova is Vladimir Voronin. Voronin has held this post since 2001. The main party in parliament is the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova, which holds a majority of 55 seats. Other parties with deputies in Parliament are the Party Alliance Our Moldova, the Democratic Party of Moldova, the Social Liberal Party, and the Christian-Democratic People's Party. 17 deputies to parliament are independents.^[41]

Foreign relations

Main articles: Foreign Relations of Moldova and Moldova and the European Union

After achieving independence from the Soviet Union, Moldova established relations with other European countries. A course for European Union integration and neutrality define the country's foreign policy guidelines. In 1995 the country became the first post-Soviet state admitted to the Council of Europe. In addition to its participation in NATO's Partnership for Peace program, Moldova is also a member state of the United Nations, the OSCE, the North Atlantic Cooperation Council, the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Francophonie and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. In 2005 Moldova and EU established an action plan that sought to improve the collaboration between the two neighboring structures. In June 2007 the Vice President of the Moldovan Parliament Iurie Roşca signed a bilateral agreement with the International Parliament for Safety and Peace, an intergovernmental organization for the promotion of world peace, based in Italy.^[42] After the War of Transnistria, Moldova had sought a peaceful resolution to the conflict in the Transnistria region by working with Romania, Ukraine, and Russia, calling for international mediation, and cooperating with the OSCE and UN fact-finding and observer missions. On October 1st, 2007, the foreign minister of Moldova, Andrei Stratan, said at UN that Russian troops are in Republic of Moldova against the will of the Moldovan Government.^[9]

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Moldova

Moldova is divided into thirty-two districts (raioane, singular raion); three municipalities (Bălţi, Chişinău, Bender); and two autonomous regions (Găgăuzia and Transnistria). The cities of Comrat and Tiraspol also have municipality status, however not as first-tier subdivisions of Moldova, but as parts of the regions of Găgăuzia and Transnistria, respectively. The status of Transnistria is however under dispute. Although it is de jure part of Moldova and is recognized as such by the international community, Transnistria is not de facto under the control of the central government of Moldova. It is administered by an unrecognized breakaway authority under the name Pridnestrovian Moldovan Republic.

#	City	Population	Year
1.	Chişinău^[43]	647,513	2005
2.	Tiraspol^[44]	159,163	2004
3.	Bălţi^[43]	122,778	2005
4.	Bendery^[44]	97,027	2004
5.	Rîbniţa^[44]	53,648	2004

Geography

Main article: Geography of Moldova

The largest part of the country lies between two rivers, the Dniester and the Prut. Moldova's rich soil and temperate continental climate (with warm summers and mild winters) have made the country one of the most productive agricultural regions and a major supplier of agricultural products in the region.

The western border of Moldova is formed by the Prut river, which joins the Danube before flowing into the Black Sea. In the north-east, the Dniester is the main river, flowing through the country from north to south.

The country is landlocked, even though it is very close to the Black Sea. While the northern part of the country is hilly, elevations never exceed 430 meters (1,411 ft)—the highest point being the Dealul Bălăneşti. The country's main cities are the capital Chişinău, in the center of the country, Tiraspol (in Transnistria), Bălţi and Tighina.

Phytogeographically, Moldova is shared between the Central European and Eastern European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Moldova can be subdivided into three ecoregions: the Central European mixed forests (in the central part, the region called colloquially Codrii, meaning "forests"), East European forest steppe (in the north, the Bălţi Steppe) and Pontic steppe (in the south, connected to Bugeac).

See also: List of cities in Moldova and List of localities in Moldova

Economy

Main article: Economy of Moldova

Moldova enjoys a favorable climate and good farmland but has no major mineral deposits. As a result, the economy depends heavily on agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. The country is considered to have the cleanest air in the world.^[45] Moldova must import all of its supplies of petroleum, coal, and natural gas, largely from Russia. After the break up of the Soviet Union in 1991, energy shortages contributed to sharp production declines. As part of an ambitious economic liberalization effort, Moldova introduced a convertible currency, liberalized all prices, stopped issuing preferential credits to state enterprises, backed steady land privatization, removed export controls, and liberalized interest rates. The government entered into agreements with the World Bank and the IMF to promote growth. Recent trends indicate that the Communist government intends to reverse some of these policies, and recollectivise land while placing more restrictions on private business. The economy returned to positive growth, of 2.1% in 2000 and 6.1% in 2001. Growth remained strong in 2007 (6%), in part because of the reforms and because of starting from a small base. The economy remains vulnerable to higher fuel prices, poor agricultural weather, and the skepticism of foreign investors. In agriculture, the economic reform started with the land cadastre reform.

Following the regional financial crisis in 1998, Moldova has made significant progress towards achieving and retaining macroeconomic and financial stabilization. It has, furthermore, implemented many structural and institutional reforms that are indispensable for the efficient functioning of a market economy. These efforts have helped maintain macroeconomic and financial stability under difficult external circumstances, enabled the resumption of economic growth and contributed to establishing an environment conducive to the economy’s further growth and development in the medium term. Despite these efforts, and despite the recent resumption of economic growth, Moldova still ranks low in terms of commonly-used living standards and human development indicators in comparison with other transition economies. Although the economy experienced a constant economic growth after 2000: with 2.1%, 6.1%, 7.8% and 6.3% between 2000 and 2003 (with a forecast of 8% in 2004), one can observe that these latest developments hardly reach the level of 1994, with almost 40% of the GDP registered in 1990. Thus, during the last decade little has been done to reduce the country’s vulnerability. After a severe economic decline, social and economic challenges, energy uprooted dependencies, Moldova continues to occupy one of the last places among European countries in income per capita.

In 2005 (Human Development Report 2008), the registered GDP per capita US $ 2,100 PPP, which is 4.5 times lower than the world average (US $ 9,543). Moreover, GDP per capita is under the average of its statistical region (US $ 9,527 PPP). In 2005, about 20.8% of the population were under the absolute poverty line and registered an income lower than US $ 2.15 (PPP) per day. Moldova is classified as medium in human development and is at the 111th spot in the list of 177 countries. The value of the Human Development Index (0.708) is below the world average. Moldova remains the poorest country in Europe in terms of GDP per capita: $ 2,500 in 2006.^[46]

The GDP in 2007 constituted $4,104 mln.^[47] That constituted a grow with 3% from the 2006 indicator.

Wine

Main article: Moldovan wine

Moldova is famous for its wines. For many years viticulture and winemaking in Moldova were the general occupation of the population. Evidence of this is present in historical memorials and documents, folklore, and the Moldovan spoken language.

The country has a well established wine industry. It has a vineyard area of 147,000 hectares (360,000 acres), of which 102,500 ha (253,000 acres) are used for commercial production. Most of the country's wine production is made for export. Many families have their own recipes and strands of grapes that have been passed down through the generations.

Information technology and telecommunications

Main article: Communications in Moldova

The number of mobile telephony users in Moldova increased by 47.3 % in the first quarter of 2008 against the last year and exceeded 2 mln 88.6 thousand. In 2004, the volume of investment in the telecommunications and information market in Moldova increased by 30.1% in comparison with 2003, achieving 825.3 million lei (65.5 million US dollars). The representatives of the National Agency for Telecommunications and Information Regulation stated that 451 million lei (35.9 million dollars) were invested in the field of fixed telephone communication. Investments constituted 330 million lei (26.2 million dollars) in the field of mobile telephony, 24.2 million lei (1.9 million dollars) in the field of Internet services, 19.1 million lei (1.5 million dollars) in the field of cable television services. An essential increase of 163 million lei (12.9 million dollars) has been achieved in the field of mobile telephony. In comparison with 2003, investments in this sector practically doubled. An insignificant increase was registered in the other market segments, but the investment volume remained the same in the field of fixed telephone communication.

In 2005, investments in telecommunication and information technology exceeded the level of the previous year, due to the investments by the national operator of the stationary telephone communications in the Joint-Stock Company Moldtelecom for the implementation of CDMA technology, the investments of the operators of mobile telephony Orange and Moldcell in the development of infrastructure, and the extension and improvement of Internet access services via new broadband technologies.

Demographics

Main article: Demography of Moldova

Nationalities

The last reference data is that of the 2004 Moldovan Census^[48] and the 2004 Census in Transnistria:

#	Nationality	Mold. census	% Mold	Transnistrian census	% Tran	Total	%
1.	Moldovans	2,564,849	75.8%	177,156	31.9%	2,742,005	69.6%
2.	Ukrainians	282,406	8.3%	159,940	28.8%	442,346	11.2%
3.	Russians	201,218	5.9%	168,270	30.3%	369,488	9.4%
4.	Gagauzians	147,500	4.4%	11,107	2.0%	158,607	4.0%
5.	Romanians	73,276	2.2%	NA	NA	73,276	1.9%
6.	Bulgarians	65,662	1.9%	11,107	2.0%	76,769	1.9%
7.	Others	48,421	1.4%	27,767	5.0%	76,188	1.9%
8.	TOTAL	3,383,332	100%	555,347	100%	3,938,679	100%

Religion

Main articles: History of the Orthodox Church in Moldova, Moldovan Orthodox Church, and Metropolis of Bessarabia

For the 2004 census, Eastern Orthodox Christians, who make up over 90% of Moldova's population, were not required to declare the particular church they belong to. The Moldovan Orthodox Church, autonomous and subordinated to the Russian Orthodox Church, and the Orthodox Church of Bessarabia, autonomous and subordinated to the Romanian Orthodox Church, both claim to be the national church of the country.

Judaism is practiced by the Jewish population estimated at 1.5% as of 2000.^{[citation needed]}

Culture

Main article: Culture of Moldova

Located geographically at the crossroads of Latin and Slavic cultures, Moldova has enriched its own culture adopting and maintaining some of the traditions of its neighbors.

Prince Dimitrie Cantemir was one of the most important figures of Moldavian culture of the 18th century. He wrote the first geographical, ethnographical and economic description of the country in his Descriptio Moldaviae (Berlin, 1714).^[49]

Mihai Eminescu was a late romantic poet, probably the best-known and most influential Romanian language poet.

Eugen Doga is the most famous Moldovan contemporary composer, whose works are recognized worldwide.

Languages

Main articles: Moldovan language, Ukrainian language, Russian language, and Gagauz language

The Constitution of Moldova, as well as all Moldovan laws declare the Moldovan language to be the state language.^[50] Russian is provided with the status of a "language of interethnic communication". Ukrainian and Gagauz have significant regional speaker populations and are granted official status along with Russian in Transnistria and Gagauzia respectively.^[51]^[52] Is notable, that the declaration of independence of Moldova names "Romanian" the state language.^[53]^[54]

Military

References

^ (Romanian)Preliminary number of the stable population of the Republic of Moldova at January 1, 2008 and 2004 census of Transnistrian region: http://pridnestrovie.net/facts.html#population
^ ^a ^b ^c (Romanian)National Bureau of Statistics of Moldova
^ Title I, Article 13 of Moldova's Constitution
^ Moldova's Declaration of Independence
^ Moldova on worldstatesmen.org
^ The Nationalism Project: Book Review of "The Moldovans" by Charles King
^ Moldova.org: "88 years ago Bessarabia voted the unification with Romania"
^ The 1999 OCSE Istanbul Summit Decisions on Moldova and Georgia: Prospects for Implementation at Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
^ ^a ^b ^c Statement by H.E. Mr. Andrei Stratan at the General Debate of the Sixty Second Session of the UN General Assembly, New-York, 1 October 2007: "I would like to reiterate on this occasion the position of the Republic of Moldova according to which the withdrawal of the Russian troops that remain on the Moldovan territory against its will, in conformity with the obligations assumed by the Russian Federation in 1999 in Istanbul, would create the necessary premises for ratifying and applying the Adapted CFE Treaty."
^ "Moldova will prove that it can and has chances to become EU member," Moldpress News Agency, June 19, 2007
^ "Moldova-EU Action Plan Approved by European Commission", moldova.org, December 14, 2004, retrieved July 2, 2007
^ Bessarabia by Charles Upson Clark, 1927, chapter 8: "The first Russian census after the annexation (1816) revealed a province almost solidly Romanian-of a population of about half a million, 921/2 % Moldavian and Ukrainian, 11/2 % Lipovans (Russian heterodox), 41/2% Jews, 1.6% other races."
^ Bessarabia by Charles Upson Clark, 1927, chapter 8: "Today, the Bulgarians form one of the most solid elements in Southern Bessarabia, numbering (with the Gagaoutzi, Turkish-speaking Christians also from the Dobrudja) nearly 150,000. Colonization brought in numerous Great Russian peasants, and the Russian bureaucracy imported Russian office-holders and professional men; according to the Romanian estimate of 1920, the Great Russians were about 75,000 in number (2.9% ), and the Lipovans and Cossacks 59,000 (2.2% ) ; the Little Russians (Ukrainians) came to 254,000 (9.6%). That, plus about 10,000 Poles, brings the total number of Slavs to 545,000 in a population of 2,631,000, or about one-fifth"
^ Ion Nistor, Istoria Bassarabiei, Cernauti, 1921
^ (German) Flavius Solomon, Die Republik Moldau und ihre Minderheiten (Länderlexikon), in Ethnodoc-Datenbank für Minderheitenforschung in Südostosteuropa, p. 52
^ Bessarabia by Charles Upson Clark, 1927, chapter 7
^ Bessarabia by Charles Upson Clark, 1927, chapter 10: "Naturally, this system resulted not in acquisition of Russian by the Moldavians, but in their almost complete illiteracy in any language."]
^ (Romanian)prm.md:"Sfatul Tarii ... proclaimed the Moldavian Democratic Republic"
^ Charles Upson Clark (1927). "24:The Decay of Russian Setiment", Bessarabia: Russia and Romania on the Black Sea - View Across Dniester From Hotin Castle. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company.
^ Pelivan (Chronology)
^ Cazacu (Moldova, pp. 240-245).
^ Cristina Petrescu, "Contrasting/Conflicting Identities:Bessarabians, Romanians, Moldovans" in Nation-Building and Contested Identities, Polirom, 2001, pg. 156
^ Malbone W. Graham (October 1944). "The Legal Status of the Bukovina and Bessarabia". The American Journal of International Law 38 (4).
^ Ioan Bulei (March. 1998). "Roma, 1924-1927". Magazin Istoric (3).
^ Wayne S Vucinich, Bessarabia In: Collier's Encyclopedia (Crowell Collier and MacMillan Inc., 1967) vol. 4, p. 103
^ Cristina Petrescu, "Contrasting/Conflicting Identities:Bessarabians, Romanians, Moldovans" in Nation-Building and Contested Identities, Polirom, 2001, pg. 159
^ Ion Nistor, Istoria Basarabiei, Cernauti, 1921
^ Goma, Paul (2006). Săptămâna Roşie, 23.
^ Nagy-Talavera, Nicolas M. (1970). Green Shirts and Others: a History of Fascism in Hungary and Romania, 305.
^ Paul Goma (2006). Săptămâna Roşie, 206.
^ Tismăneanu Report, pages 585
^ (Romanian) Tismăneanu Report, pages 584 and 587
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d (Romanian) Comisia Prezidenţială pentru Analiza Dictaturii Comuniste din România: Raport Final / ed.: Vladimir Tismăneanu, Dorin Dobrincu, Cristian Vasile, Bucureşti: Humanitas, 2007, 879 pp., ISBN 978-973-50-1836-8 (Tismăneanu Report)
^ Legea cu privire la functionarea limbilor vorbite pe teritoriul RSS Moldovenesti Nr.3465-XI din 01.09.89 Vestile nr.9/217, 1989 (Law regarding the usage of languages spoken on the territory of the Republic of Moldova): "Moldavian SSR supports the desire of the Moldovans that live across the borders of the Republic, and considering the existing linguistical Moldo-Romanian identity - of the Romanians that live on the territory of the USSR, of doing their studies and satisfying their cultural needs in their maternal language."
^ http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2368523 Jamestown: "MOLDOVAN PRESIDENT WANTS OUT OF RUSSIA'S ORBIT"
^ Moldpres:"Voronin highlighted, that we will strive for becoming an EU member"
^ Itar-Tass
^ Moldova-EU Action Plan Approved by European Commission, http://www.azi.md, 14 December 2004, retrieved 2 July 2007
^ EU/MOLDOVA ACTION PLAN
^ ^a ^b Parliament of the Republic of Moldova. The Constitution of the Republic of Moldova 2000. Retrieved 11-14, 2007
^ Parliament of the Republic of Moldova. Parliamentary Factions Retrieved 11-14, 2007
^ Bilateral agreement of cooperation between the Republic of Moldova and the International Parliament for Safety and Peace of the States, new Society of the Nations.
^ ^a ^b World Gazetteer. Moldova:largest cities 2004. Retrieved 11-14, 2007
^ ^a ^b ^c Pridnestrovie.net 2004 Census 2004. Retrieved 11-14, 2007
^ (German) GRÜN und lebenswert: Eine Rangliste der besten (und schlechtesten) Länder
^ CIA - The World Factbook - Moldova 6 September 2007
^ 2007 evaluation
^ (Romanian) Official results of 2004 Moldovan census
^ (Latin) Descriptio Moldaviae at Latin Wikisource
^ Article 13, line 1 - of Constitution of Republic of Moldova
^ The law regarding approval of the National Political Conception of the Republic of Moldova stipulates that "The conception is rooted in the historically established truth and confirmed by the common literary treasure: Moldovan nation and Romanian nation use a common literary form "which is based on the live spring of the popular talk from Moldova" - a reality which impregnates the national Moldovan language with a specific peculiar pronunciation, a certain well known and appreciated charm. Having the common origin; common basic lexical vocabulary, the national Moldovan language and national Romanian language keep each their lingvonim/glotonim as the identification sign of each nation: Moldovan and Romanian. Moldovan language, having status of the state language, is used in all spheres of political, economic, social and cultural life. One of the priorities of the national politics of the Republic of Moldova is insurance of existence of the Moldovan language. Russian language, which in accordance with the valid legislation has status of the interethnic communication, is also used in different fields of life of the society and of the state. Russian-Moldovan bilingualism is characteristic for Moldova. It is necessary, in present conditions, to create real possibilities to make sure the Russian-Moldovan bilingualism becomes the reality. On the territory of the Autonomous Territorial Unit Gagauzia (Gagauz-Yeri), the status of official language is awarded to Gagauz, Moldovan and Russian languages. In eastern cantons of the Republic of Moldova function Moldovan, Ukrainian and Russian languages.
^ (Romanian) "Concepţia politicii naţionale a Republicii Moldova" Moldovan Parliament
^ Declaraţia de independenţa a Republicii Moldova , Moldova Suverană
‹ The template below (Mo icon) is being considered for deletion. See templates for deletion to help reach a consensus. ›
(Moldovan)
^ A Field Guide to the Main Languages of Europe - Spot that language and how to tell them apart, on the website of the European Commission

External links

Moldova Portal

	Read news and contribute yourself on Moldova News Portal

Find more about Moldova on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Dictionary definitions
	Textbooks
	Quotations
	Source texts
	Images and media
	News stories
	Learning resources

General

Profiles

International rankings

Bertelsmann: Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2006, ranked 75th out of 119 countries
Reporters without borders: Annual worldwide press freedom index (2005), ranked 74th out of 167 countries
The Wall Street Journal: 2005 Index of Economic Freedom, ranked 77th out of 155 countries
The Economist: The World in 2005 - Worldwide quality-of-life index, 2005, ranked 99th out of 111 countries
Transparency International: Corruption Perceptions Index 2005, ranked 88th out of 158 countries
United Nations Development Programme: Human Development Index 2005, ranked 116th out of 177 countries
World Economic Forum: Global Competitiveness Report 2005-2006 - Growth Competitiveness Index Ranking, ranked 82nd out of 117 countries
World Bank: Doing Business 2006, ranked 83rd out of 155
World Bank: Ease of Starting a Business 2006, ranked 69th out of 155
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: Foreign Direct Investment Performance Index 2004, ranked 35th out of 140

Others

Geographic locale

v • d • e Administrative divisions of Moldova

Districts	Anenii Noi · Basarabeasca · Briceni · Cahul · Cantemir · Călăraşi · Căuşeni · Cimişlia · Criuleni · Donduşeni · Drochia · Dubăsari · Edineţ · Faleşti · Floreşti · Glodeni · Hînceşti · Ialoveni · Leova · Nisporeni · Ocniţa · Orhei · Rezina · Rîşcani · Sîngerei · Soroca · Străşeni · Şoldăneşti · Ştefan Vodă · Taraclia · Teleneşti · Ungheni

Municipalities	Chişinău · Tiraspol¹ · Bălţi · Bender · Comrat¹

Autonomous regions	Găgăuzia · Transnistria²

¹ Comrat and Tiraspol have municipality status but are not among the first-level subdivisions of Moldova, being part of, respectively, Găgăuzia and Transnistria. ² The political status of Transnistria is not settled.

v • d • e

Countries of Europe

Albania · Andorra · Armenia² · Austria · Azerbaijan¹ · Belarus · Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia · Cyprus² · Czech Republic · Denmark³ · Estonia · Finland · France¹ · Georgia¹ · Germany · Greece · Hungary · Iceland · Ireland · Italy¹ · Kazakhstan¹ · Kosovo⁵ · Latvia · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Macedonia⁴ · Malta · Moldova · Monaco · Montenegro · Netherlands³ · Norway³ · Poland · Portugal³ · Romania · Russia¹ · San Marino · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain¹ · Sweden · Switzerland · Turkey¹ · Ukraine · United Kingdom³ · Vatican City

¹ Has part of its territory outside Europe. ² Entirely in West Asia but having socio-political connections with Europe. ³ Has dependencies or similar territories outside Europe. ⁴ Name disputed by Greece; see Macedonia naming dispute. ⁵ Declared independence from Serbia on February 17 and is recognised by 43 countries including Taiwan.

International organizations

v • d • e Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

Armenia · Azerbaijan · Belarus · Georgia · Kazakhstan · Kyrgyzstan · Moldova · Russia · Tajikistan · Ukraine · Uzbekistan Associate members: Turkmenistan