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July 28

July 28 is the 209th day of the year (210th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 156 days remaining until the end of the year.

Events

• 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed on order from Henry VIII of England on charges of treason. Henry marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, on the same day.
• 1586 - First potato arrives in Britain.
• 1609 - Bermuda is first settled, by survivors of the English Sea Venture, en route to Virginia.
• 1794 - Maximilien Robespierre is guillotined in Paris during the French Revolution.
• 1809 - Peninsular War: Battle of Talavera - Sir Arthur Wellesley's British, Portuguese and Spanish army defeats a French force under Joseph Bonaparte.
• 1821 - Peru: Jose de San Martin declares independence from Spain.
• 1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Ezra Church - The battle begins on this day when Confederate troops make a third unsuccessful attempt to drive Union forces from Atlanta, Georgia.
• 1868 - The 14th Amendment to the Constitution is passed, establishing African American citizenship and guaranteeing due process of law.
• 1896 - The City of Miami is incorporated.
• 1914 - World War I - Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia after it failed to meet the conditions of an ultimatum it set on July 23 following the killing of Archduke Francis Ferdinand by a Serbian assassin. This event leads to the outbreak of the war.
• 1932 - US President Herbert Hoover orders the United States Army to forcibly evict the "Bonus Army" of World War I veterans gathered in Washington, DC.
• 1933 - The diplomatic relations between the Soviet Union and Spain were established.
• 1942 - World War II: USSR leader Joseph Stalin issues Order No. 227 in response to alarming German advances into Russia. Under the order all those who retreat or otherwise leave their positions without orders to do so will be immediately killed.
• 1943 - World War II: Operation Gomorrah - The British bomb Hamburg causing a firestorm that kills 42,000 German civilians.
• 1945 - A US Army B-25 bomber accidentally crashes into the 79th floor of the Empire State Building killing 14 injuring 26.
• 1955 - The Union Mundial pro Interlingua is founded at the first Interlingua congress in Tours, France.
• 1957 - Heavy rain and mudslide occur at Isahaya, western Kyūshū, Japan, 992 killed.
• 1958 - Lord Jellicoe makes his maiden speech in the House of Lords.
• 1965 - Vietnam War: US President Lyndon B. Johnson announces his order to increase the number of United States troops in South Vietnam from 75,000 to 125,000.
• 1976 - The Tangshan earthquake measuring between 7.8 and 8.2 magnitude flattens Tangshan, the People's Republic of China, killing 242,769 and injuring 164,851.
• 1996 - Kennewick Man, the remains of a prehistoric man, was discovered near Kennewick, Washington.
• 1997 - Guatemala becomes a member of the Berne Convention copyright treaty.
• 2002 - Nine coal miners trapped in the flooded Quecreek Mine in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, were rescued after 77 hours underground.
• 2005 - The Provisional Irish Republican Army (The PIRA) call an end to their thirty year long armed campaign in Northern Ireland.
• 2005 - A tornado touches down in a residential area in south Birmingham, England, causing £4,000,000 worth of damages and injuring 39 people.

Births

• 1347 - Margherita of Durazzo, queen of Naples (d. 1412)
• 1659 - Charles Ancillon, French Huguenot pastor (d. 1715)
• 1746 - Thomas Heyward, Jr., American patriot, signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1809)
• 1750 - Fabre d'Églantine French dramatist and politician, creator of the French Republican calendar (d. 1794)
• 1796 - Ignaz Bösendorfer, Austrian musician (d. 1859)
• 1804 - Ludwig Feuerbach, German philosopher (d. 1872)
• 1815 - Stefan Dunjov, Banat Bulgarian military figure (d. 1889)
• 1844 - Gerard Manley Hopkins, English poet (d. 1889)
• 1857 - Ballington Booth, co-founder of Volunteers of America (d. 1940)
• 1860 - Elias M. Ammons, governor of Colorado (d. 1925)
• 1860 - Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna of Russia (d. 1922)
• 1863 - Hussein Khan Nakhichevanski, Russian general (d. 1919)
• 1866 - Beatrix Potter, English author (d. 1943)
• 1867 - Charles Dillon Perrine, American-born astronomer (d. 1951)
• 1872 - Albert Sarraut, French politician (d. 1962)
• 1874 - Ernst Cassirer, German philosopher (d. 1945)
• 1887 - Marcel Duchamp, French painter (d. 1968)
• 1896 - Barbara La Marr, American actress (d. 1926)
• 1898 - Lawrence Gray, American actor (d. 1970)
• 1900 - Catherine Dale Owen, American actress (d. 1965)
• 1901 - Rudy Vallee, American entertainer (d. 1986)
• 1901 - Freddie Fitzsimmons, American baseball player (d. 1979)
• 1902 - Karl Popper, Austrian-born philosopher (d. 1994)
• 1907 - Earl Tupper, American inventor (d. 1983)
• 1909 - Malcolm Lowry, English novelist (d. 1957)
• 1914 - Carmen Dragon, American composer (d. 1984)
• 1915 - Charles Townes, American physicist, Nobel laureate
• 1916 - David Brown, American film producer
• 1922 - Jacques Piccard, Belgian-born undersea explorer
• 1924 - C.T. Vivian, American 1960s Civil Rights Movement activist
• 1925 - Baruch S. Blumberg, American scientist, Nobel laureate
• 1927 - John Ashbery, American poet
• 1929 - Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, First Lady of the United States (d. 1994)
• 1930 - Jean Roba, Belgian comics author (d. 2006)
• 1930 - Junior Kimbrough, American bluesman (d. 1998)
• 1933 - Charlie Hodge, French Canadian ice hockey goaltender
• 1934 - Jacques d'Amboise, American choreographer
• 1935 - Simon Dee, British television broadcaster
• 1936 - Russ Jackson, Canadian football player
• 1936 - Garfield Sobers, Barbadian West Indies cricketer
• 1937 - Francis Veber, French film director and screenwriter
• 1938 - Alberto Fujimori, President of Peru
• 1938 - Chuan Leekpai, Thai politician and Former Prime Minister of Thailand
• 1940 - Philip Proctor, American comedian
• 1941 - Susan Roces, Filipino actress
• 1941 - Riccardo Muti, Italian conductor
• 1942 - Marty Brennaman, American sportscaster
• 1943 - Mike Bloomfield, American musician (d. 1981)
• 1943 - Bill Bradley, American basketball player and politician
• 1943 - Richard Wright English musician (Pink Floyd)
• 1945 - Jim Davis, American cartoonist
• 1946 - Fahmida Riaz, Pakistani writer and feminist
• 1946 - Linda Kelsey, American actress
• 1948 - Gerald Casale, Musician and Director (Founding Member Devo)
• 1948 - Georgia Engel, American actress
• 1948 - Sally Struthers, American actress
• 1949 - Steve Peregrin Took, English singer (d. 1980)
• 1949 - Vida Blue, American baseball player
• 1949 - Peter Doyle, Australian singer (The New Seekers) (d. 2001)
• 1950 - Shahyar Ghanbari, Iranian poet
• 1951 - Anthony A. Williams, Mayor of Washington, D.C.
• 1951 - Santiago Calatrava, Spanish architect
• 1952 - Yoshitaka Amano, Japanese artist
• 1952 - Vajiralongkorn, Crown Prince of Thailand
• 1954 - Bruce Abbott, American actor
• 1954 - Hugo Chávez, President of Venezuela
• 1954 - Gerd Faltings, German mathematician
• 1954 - Steve Morse, American guitarist
• 1954 - Mikey Sheehy, Gaelic footballer
• 1955 - Nikolay Zimyatov, Russian cross-country skier
• 1958 - Terry Fox, Canadian athlete and activist (d. 1981)
• 1958 - Michael Hitchcock, American actor
• 1960 - Yōichi Takahashi, Japanese mangaka of Captain Tsubasa and Hungry Heart Wild Striker
• 1961 - Yannick Dalmas, French race car driver
• 1961 - Alexander Kurlovitch, Soviet weightlifter
• 1962 - Rachel Sweet, American singer
• 1964 - Lori Loughlin, American actress
• 1965 - Priscilla Chan, Hong Kong singer
• 1965 - Delfeayo Marsalis, jazz musician
• 1966 - Shikao Suga, Japanese singer/songwriter
• 1969 - Garth Snow, American ice hockey goaltender
• 1969 - Alexis Arquette, American actor
• 1969 - Dana White, UFC President
• 1970 - Michael Amott, Swedish guitarist (Arch Enemy)
• 1970 - Isabelle Brasseur, Canadian figure skater
• 1971 - Stephen Lynch, American musician
• 1971 - Annie Perreault, Canadian short-track speed skater
• 1972 - Elizabeth Berkley, American actress
• 1972 - Ed Templeton, American skateboarder
• 1972 - Yeom Jeong-ah, South Korean actress
• 1973 - Steve Staios, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1973 - Marc Dupré, Quebec humorist and singer
• 1974 - Justin Lee Collins, British comedian
• 1975 - Leonor Watling, Spanish actress and singer
• 1976 - Jacoby Shaddix, American singer (Papa Roach)
• 1977 - Emanuel Ginóbili, Argentine basketball player
• 1977 - Aki Berg, Finnish ice hockey player
• 1978 - Hitomi Yaida, Japanese singer/songwriter
• 1979 - Lee Minwoo, Korean singer (Shinhwa)
• 1979 - Birgitta Haukdal, Icelandic singer
• 1979 - Henrik Hansen, Danish footballer
• 1981 - Michael Carrick, English footballer
• 1981 - Jo In Sung, South Korean actor
• 1982 - Ágústa Eva Erlendsdóttir, Icelandic singer and actress
• 1982 - Tom Pelphrey, American actor
• 1984 - DeMeco Ryans, American football player
• 1984 - Zach Parise, American ice hockey player
• 1985 - Dustin Milligan, Canadian actor
• 1985 - Tynisha Keli, American singer
• 1986 - Alexandra Chando, American actress
• 1988 - Ayla Brown, American singer
• 1988 - Casper Johansen, Danish footballer
• 1990 - Soulja Boy, American Rapper
• 1993 - Hannah Lochner, Canadian actress

Deaths

• 450 - Theodosius II, Roman Emperor (b. 401)
• 1057 - Pope Victor II
• 1128 - William Clito, Count of Flanders (b. 1102)
• 1230 - Duke Leopold VI of Austria (b. 1176)
• 1285 - Queen Keran of Armenia, consort of Leo III of Armenia
• 1527 - Rodrigo de Bastidas, Spanish conquistador
• 1540 - Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex, English statesman (b. 1495)
• 1631 - Guillén de Castro y Bellvis, Spanish dramatist (b. 1569)
• 1655 - Cyrano de Bergerac, French poet (b. 1619)
• 1667 - Abraham Cowley, English poet (b. 1618)
• 1675 - Bulstrode Whitelocke, English lawyer (b. 1605)
• 1685 - Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington, English statesman (b. 1618)
• 1718 - Etienne Baluze, French scholar (b. 1630)
• 1741 - Antonio Vivaldi, Italian composer (b. 1678)
• 1750 - Johann Sebastian Bach, German composer (b. 1685)
• 1762 - George Dodington, 1st Baron Melcombe, English politician (b. 1691)
• 1794 - Maximilien Robespierre, French Revolutionary leader (b. 1758)
• 1794 - Louis de Saint-Just, French Revolutionary leader (b. 1767)
• 1818 - Gaspard Monge, French mathematician (b. 1746)
• 1835 - Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier, French marshal (b. 1768)
• 1842 - Clemens Brentano, German poet (b. 1778)
• 1844 - Joseph Bonaparte, older brother of Napoleon I and King of Naples and Spain (b. 1768)
• 1849 - King Charles Albert of Sardinia (b. 1798)
• 1869 - Jan Evangelista Purkyně, Czech anatomist (b. 1787)
• 1878 - George Law Curry, Newspaper publisher and Governor of Oregon (b. 1820)
• 1895 - Edward Beecher, American theologian (b. 1803)
• 1930 - Allvar Gullstrand, Swedish ophthalmologist, Nobel laureate (b. 1862)
• 1934 - Marie Dressler, Canadian actress (b. 1868)
• 1942 - William Matthew Flinders Petrie, English Egyptologist (b. 1853)
• 1957 - Edith Abbott, American social worker, educator, and author (b. 1876)
• 1965 - Edogawa Ranpo, Japanese author (b. 1894)
• 1967 - Karl W. Richter, Lieutenant, USAF, American aviator (b. 1942)
• 1968 - Otto Hahn, German chemist, Nobel laureate (b. 1879)
• 1969 - Ramón Grau, Cuban president (b. 1882)
• 1971 - Myril Hoag, American baseball player (b. 1908)
• 1971 - Charles E. Pont, American artist (b. 1898)
• 1972 - Helen Traubel, American soprano (b. 1903)
• 1972 - Charu Majumdar, Indian revolutionary leader (b. 1918)
• 1979 - Charles Shadwell, English conductor and bandleader (b. 1898)
• 1982 - Keith Green, American gospel singer and pianist (b. 1953)
• 1990 - Jill Esmond, British actress (b. 1908)
• 1996 - Roger Tory Peterson, American ornithologist and educator (b. 1908)
• 1997 - Seni Pramoj, Thai politician (b. 1905)
• 1998 - Lenny McLean, English bareknuckle fighter (b. 1949)
• 1999 - Trygve Haavelmo, Norwegian economist, Nobel laureate (b. 1911)
• 2000 - Abraham Pais, Dutch-born American physicist and historian (b. 1918)
• 2002 - Archer John Porter Martin, English chemist, Nobel laureate (b. 1910)
• 2003 - Lady Valerie Goulding, Irish politician and activist (b. 1918)
• 2004 - Francis Crick, English molecular biologist, Nobel laureate (b. 1916)
• 2004 - Sam Edwards, American actor (b. 1915)
• 2004 - Eugene Roche, American actor (b. 1928)
• 2004 - Tiziano Terzani, Italian journalist (b. 1938)
• 2006 - David Gemmell, British writer (b. 1948)
• 2007 - Jim LeRoy, Stunt Plane pilot
• 2007 - Karl Gotch, Belgian professional wrestler (b. 1924)

Holidays and observances

• Faroe Islands - Ólavsøka Eve
• Peru - Independence Day

Roman Catholicism

• Saints Nazarius and Celsus
• Saint Innocent I, pope
• Saint Pantaleon, martyr [common]

External links

• BBC: On This Day
• The New York Times: On This Day
• On This Day in Canada