Top 10 Articles

LS-Studio
GayRomeo
Justus_Dahinden
Mercedes Benz OM601
Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı
Radically 25
Ral color system
RTLnow.de
New concept
Electromagnetic compatibility

News:

Early Cyrillic alphabet

Early Cyrillic alphabet
Type Alphabet
Spoken languages Old Church Slavonic, Church Slavonic, old versions of many Slavic languages
Time period from circa 940
Parent systems Phoenician alphabet
 → Greek alphabet
  → Glagolitic alphabet
   → Early Cyrillic alphabet
Sister systems Latin alphabet
Coptic alphabet
Armenian
Unicode range U+0400 to U+04FF
U+0500 to U+052F
U+2DE0 to U+2DFF
U+A640 to U+A69F
ISO 15924 Cyrs
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

The original Cyrillic alphabet was a writing system first used in the First Bulgarian Empire in the tenth century to write the Old Church Slavonic liturgical language.

When Christianity was made the official state religion in 864, Knyaz (Prince) Boris I commissioned the creation of the alphabet. Clement of Ohrid developed the alphabet and named it after his teacher, St. Cyril. Cyril was a missionary who, along with his brother, Methodius, is credited for inventing the Glagolitic alphabet, an earlier Slavic alphabet. The Cyrillic alphabet is mostly based on the Greek and Hebrew alphabets, and is also influenced by Glagolitic.

Since its creation, the Cyrillic alphabet has adapted to changes in spoken language and developed regional variations to suit the features of national languages. It has been the subject of academic reforms and political decrees. Variations of the Cyrillic alphabet are used to write languages throughout Eastern Europe and Asia.

Contents

The alphabet

Image Unicode Name
(Cyrillic)		 Name
(translit.)		 Name
(IPA)		 Trans. IPA Origin Notes
А а азъ azŭ [aʒŭ] a [a] Greek alpha Α, α
Б б боукы buky [buky], [bukŭi] b [b] Greek beta Β, β;
В в вѣдѣ vědě [vædæ] v [v] Greek beta Β, β
Г г глаголи glagoli [glagoli] g [g] Greek gamma Γ, γ
Д д добро dobro [dobro] d [d] Greek Delta Δ, δ
Є є єсть estĭ [ɛstĭ] e [ɛ] Greek epsilon Ε, ε
Ж ж живѣтє živěte [ʒivætɛ] ž, zh [ʒ] Glagolitic zhivete Ⰶ ?;
Ѕ ѕ / Ꙃ ꙃ ѕѣло dzělo [ʣælo] dz [dz]
З з / Ꙁ ꙁ земля zemlja [zemlja] z [z] Greek zeta Ζ, ζ See note 1
И и ижє iže [iʒɛ] i [i] Greek eta Η, η
І і / Ї ї и/ижеи i/ižei [i, iʒɛі i, I [i] Greek iota Ι, ι
К к како kako [kako] k [k] Greek kappa Κ, κ
Л л людиѥ ljudije [ljudijɛ] l [l] Greek lambda Λ, λ
М м мыслитє myslite [myslitɛ]/[mŭislitɛ] m [m] Greek mu Μ, μ
Н н нашь našĭ [naʃĭ] n [n] Greek nu Ν, ν
О о онъ onŭ [onŭ] o [o] Greek omicron Ο, ο
П п покои pokoi [pokoj] p [p] Greek pi Π, π
Р р рьци rĭci [rĭʦi] r [r] Greek rho Ρ, ρ
С с слово slovo [slovo] s [s] Greek lunate sigma Ϲ, ϲ
Т т тврьдо tvrdo [tvr̥do] t [t] Greek tau Τ, τ
Оу оу / Ꙋ ꙋ оукъ ukŭ [ukŭ] u [u] Greek omicron-upsilon ΟΥ, ου, See note 2
Ф ф фрьтъ frtŭ [fr̤̥tŭ] f [f] Greek phi Φ, φ
Х х хѣръ xěrŭ [xærŭ] x [x] Greek chi Χ, χ
Ѡ ѡ отъ otŭ [otŭ] ō, w [oː] Greek omega Ω, ω
Ц ц ци ci [ʦi] c [ʦ] Glagolitic tsi Ⱌ ?, from Hebrew final tsadi ץ‎
Ч ч чрьвь črvĭ [ʧr̤̥vĭ] č, ch [ʧ]
Ш ш ша ša [ʃa] š, sh [ʃ] Glagolitic sha Ⱎ, from Hebrew shin ש (possibly through Coptic shai Ϣ)
Щ щ шта šta [ʃta] št, sht [ʃt] Ш-Т ligature, after Glagolitic shta Ⱋ
Ъ ъ ѥръ jerŭ [jɛrŭ] ŭ, u: [ŭ]
Ꙑ ꙑ ѥры jery [jɛry] y [y], or possibly [ŭi] ЪI or ЪИ ligature
Ь ь ѥрь jerĭ [jɛrĭ] ĭ, i: [ĭ]
Ѣ ѣ ять jatĭ [jatĭ] ě [æ]
Ю ю ю ju [ju] ju [iu] I-ОУ ligature, dropping У
Ꙗ ꙗ я ja [ja] ja [ia] I-А ligature
Ѧ ѧ ѧсъ ęsŭ [ɛ̃sŭ] ę, ẽ [ɛ̃] See note 3
Ѩ ѩ ѩсъ jęsŭ [jɛ̃sŭ] ję, jẽ [jɛ̃] I-Ѧ ligature See note 4
Ѫ ѫ ѫсъ ǫsŭ [ɔ̃sŭ] ǫ, õ [ɔ̃] See note 5
Ѭ ѭ ѭсъ jǫsŭ [jɔ̃sŭ] jǫ, jõ [jɔ̃] I-Ѫ ligature See note 6
Ѯ ѯ кси ksi [ksi] ks [ks] Greek xi Ξ, ξ
Ѱ ѱ пси psi [psi] ps [ps] Greek psi Ψ, ψ
Ѳ ѳ фита fita [fita] θ, th, T, F [t]/[θ]/[f] Greek theta Θ, θ
Ѵ ѵ ижица ižica [iʒiʦa] ü [ɪ], [y] Greek upsilon Υ, υ
Ѥ ѥ ѥ jeː [jɛ] je [iɛ] І-Є ligature
Ћ ћ гѥрв gerv, gjerv [ʤɛrv], [djɛrv] đ, dj [ʤ], [dj] Serbian tshe Ћ, ћ See note 7

Notes

South Slavic
languages and dialects
Western South Slavic
Slovene Language
Dialects
Slovene dialects
Central South Slavic diasystem
Croatian language
Dialects
Kajkavian · Chakavian
Western Shtokavian
Burgenland · Molise
Bosnian language
Dialects
Central Shtokavian
Serbian language
Dialects
Eastern Shotkavian · Slavoserbian
Romano-Serbian · Užice
Differences between Serbian,
Croatian, and Bosnian
Deprecated or non-ISO
recognized languages
Serbo-Croatian language
Bunjevac language
Montenegrin language
Šokac language
Eastern South Slavic
Old Church Slavonic
Church Slavonic
Bulgarian · Macedonian
Dialects
Banat Bulgarian · Shopski

Slavic dialects of Greece
Dialects of Macedonian
Transitional dialects
Eastern-Central
Torlak dialects · Našinski
Western-Central
Kajkavian
Alphabets
Modern
Gaj’s Latin alphabet1
Serbian Cyrillic alphabet
Macedonian Cyrillic
Bulgarian Cyrillic
Slovene alphabet
Historical

Bohoričica · Dajnčica · Metelčica
Arebica · Bosnian Cyrillic
Glagolitic · Early Cyrillic
1 Includes Banat Bulgarian alphabet
which is based on it.
v • d • e
  1. Zemlya: The first form developed into the second.
  2. Ouku: The first form developed into a vertical ligature, shown in the second form.
  3. Ęsǔ: In Russian, this glyph is called юсъ малый (jusǔ malūj).
  4. Jęsǔ: In Russian, this glyph is called юсъ малый йотированный (jusǔ malūj jotirovannūj). This glyph is rare.
  5. Ǫsǔ: In Russian, this glyph is called юсъ большой (jusǔ bol'šoj). This glyph is rare in Russian, but commonly used in Old Church Slavonic.
  6. Jǫsǔ: In Russian, this glyph is called юсъ большой йотированный (jusǔ bol'šoj jotirovannūj). This glyph is rare in Russian, but commonly used in Old Church Slavonic.
  7. Đerv: This letter is present in the Glagolitic alphabet, but its sound had disappeared by the time Cyrillic started to be used. In Russian, Gherv or Dzherv is only used in modern scientific texts where Cyrillic is used to transliterate Glagolitic; the character is found in some Balkan languages, notably the languages of the former Yugoslavia.

In addition to the basic letters, there were a number of scribal variations, combining ligatures, and regionalisms used, all of which varied over time.

Numerals, diacritics and punctuation

Each letter also had a numeric value, inherited from the corresponding Greek letter. A titlo over a sequence of letters indicated their use as a number. See Cyrillic numerals, Titlo.

Several diacritics, adopted from Polytonic Greek orthography, were also used (these may not appear correctly in all web browsers; they are supposed to be directly above the letter, not off to its upper right):

а́  oksia (acute accent), indicating a stressed syllable (Unicode U+0341)
а̀  varia (grave accent), indicating stress on the last syllable (U+0340)
а҄  kamora, indicating palatalization (U+0484), similar to an inverted breve
а҅  dasy pneuma, rough breathing mark (U+0485)
а҆  zvatel'tse, or psilon pneuma, soft breathing mark (U+0486)
а҃  titlo, indicating abbreviations, or letters used as numerals (U+0483)
ӓ  trema, diaeresis (U+0308)
а҆́  Combined zvatel'tse and oksia is called iso.
а҆̀  Combined zvatel'tse and varia is called apostrof.

Punctuation marks:

·  ano teleia (U+0387), a middle dot used as a word separator
,  comma (U+002C)
.  full stop (U+002E)
։  Armenian full stop (U+0589), resembling a colon
჻  Georgian paragraph separator (U+10FB)
⁖  triangular colon (U+2056, added in Unicode 4.1)
⁘  diamond colon (U+2058, added in Unicode 4.1)
⁙  quintuple colon (U+2059, added in Unicode 4.1)
;  Greek question mark (U+037E), similar to a semicolon
!  exclamation mark (U+0021)

The Unicode Standard for text encoding version 5.1, released April 4, 2008, introduces extensive additions for representing the early Cyrillic alphabet.[1]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

References

The original article is from Wikipedia. To view the original article please click here.
Creative Commons Licence

 
Custom Search