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17th century
As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th Century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700 in the Gregorian calendar.
The 17th Century falls into the Early Modern period of Europe and was characterized by the Baroque cultural movement, the French Grand Siècle dominated by Louis XIV, and the beginning of modern science and philosophy, including the contributions of Galileo Galilei, René Descartes, Blaise Pascal, Isaac Newton; Europe was torn by warfare throughout the century, by the Thirty Years' War,[1] the Great Turkish War, the end of the Dutch Revolt and the English Civil War among others, while European colonization of the Americas began in earnest.
In the east, the 17th Century saw the flowering of the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires, the beginning of the Edo period in feudal Japan, and the violent transition from the Ming to the Qing Dynasty in China.
Events
Significant people
- See also: English Restoration
- Guru Teg Bahadur, 9th Sikh Guru (1621 - 1675)
- Gabriel Bethlen, Hungarian prince of Transylvania (1580-1629)
- Shivaji Bhonsle, Hindu king, 1st Maratha ruler, established Hindavi Swaraj (1630-1680)
- Queen Christina of Sweden, high profile Catholic convert, matron of arts (1626 - 1689)
- Charles I of England (1600 - 1649)
- Charles II of England (1630 - 1685)
- Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland (1599 - 1658)
- Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland (1626 - 1712)
- Elizabeth I of England (1533 - 1603)
Musicians and Composers
- See also: List of Baroque composers
- Johann Christoph Bach, Composer and great-uncle of the genius, (1642–1703)
- Johann Sebastian Bach, German composer of genius(1685-1750)
- Georg Friedrich Handel, German Composer (1685-1759)
- Jean-Baptiste Lully, Italian-born French composer (1632 - 1687)
- Claudio Monteverdi, Italian composer of Renaissance and Baroque music, and possibly the first opera ever (1567 - 1643)
- Johann Pachelbel (1653–1706), German composer
- Henry Purcell, English composer (1659 - 1695)
- Monsieur de Sainte-Colombe, French composer and the subject of a 1991 film Tous les matins du monde (c. 1640 - 1700)
- Antonio Vivaldi Italian composer (four seasons concerti) (1678-1741)
Visual artists
- See also: Baroque painting and Baroque sculpture
- Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Italian sculptor, architect (1598 - 1680)
- Francesco Borromini, Italian sculptor, architect (1599-1667)
- Frans Hals (1580-1666)
- Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, Spanish painter (1617 - 1682)
- José de Ribera, Lo Spagnoletto (1591 - 1652)
- Rembrandt van Rijn, Dutch painter (1606 - 1669)
- Peter Paul Rubens, Flemish painter, 1577 – 1640
- Jan Steen (1626-1679)
- Ruisdael (1628-1682)
- Jiang Tingxi, Chinese painter, calligrapher, encyclopedist, foreign delegate to Japan (1669 - 1732)
- Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez, Spanish painter (1599-1660)
- Johannes Vermeer, Dutch Painter (1632 - 1675)
- Francisco Zurbarán, Spanish Painter (1598 - 1664)
Literature
- See also: Elizabethan era and French literature of the 17th century
- Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Spanish dramatist (1600 - 1681)
- Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Spanish author (1574 - 1616)
- Pierre Corneille, French dramatist (1606 - 1684)
- Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux, French poet and critic (1636 - 1711)
- Daniel Defoe, English writer, novelist (1659 or 1661 - 1731)
- John Donne, English metaphysical poet (1572 - 1631)
- John Dryden, English poet, literary critic, translator, and playwright (1631 - 1700)
- Jean de La Fontaine, French poet (1621 - 1695)
- Andreas Gryphius, German poet and dramatist (1616 - 1664)
- John Milton, English author and poet (1608 - 1674)
- Molière, French dramatist, actor, director (1622 - 1673)
- Miyamoto Musashi, famous Samurai warrior in Japan, author of 'The Book of Five Rings,' a treatise on strategy and martial combat, poet, painter, (1584 - 1645)
- Samuel Pepys, English civil servant and diarist (1633 - 1703)
- Francisco de Quevedo, Spanish writer (1580 - 1645)
- Jean Racine, French dramatist (1639 - 1699)
- William Shakespeare, English author and poet (1564 - 1616)
- Félix Lope de Vega, Spanish playwrigth and poet (1562 - 1635)
- John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, English poet (1647 - 1680)
Educators
Exploration
- See also: Exploration
Science and Philosophy
- See also: Scientific Revolution and Age of Reason
- Francis Bacon, English philosopher and politician (1561-1626)
- Sir Thomas Browne, English author, philosopher and scientist (1605-1682)
- Abraham Darby I, English Ironmaster, Introduced the first coke-consuming blast furnace (1678 – 1717)
- René Descartes, French philosopher and mathematician (1596 - 1650)
- Pierre de Fermat, French lawyer and mathematician 1601 – 1665
- Galileo Galilei, Italian natural philosopher (1564 - 1642)
- William Harvey, medical doctor (1578 – 1657)
- Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher and mathematician (1588 - 1679)
- Christiaan Huygens, Dutch mathematician, physicist and astronomer (1629 - 1695)
- Johannes Kepler, German astronomer (1571 - 1630)
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, the first person to use a microscope to view bacteria (1632 - 1723)
- Gottfried Leibniz, German philosopher and mathematician (1646 - 1716)
- John Locke, English philosopher (1632 - 1704)
- Isaac Newton, English physicist and mathematician (1642 - 1727)
- Blaise Pascal, French theologian, mathematician and physicist (1623 - 1662]]
- Baruch Spinoza, Dutch philosopher (1632 - 1677)
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
List of 17th century inventions
Major changes in philosophy and science take place, often characterized as the Scientific revolution.
- Ice cream
- Tea and coffee become popular in Europe.
- Central Banking in France and modern Finance by Scottish economist John Law
- 1604: Supernova SN 1604 is observed in the Milky Way
- 1605: Johannes Kepler starts investigating elliptical orbits of planets
- 1608: Hans Lippershey constructs a refracting telescope, the first for which sufficient evidence exists
- 1609: Johann Carolas of Germany publishes the 'Relation', the first newspaper
- 1610: The Orion Nebula is identified by Nicolas de Peiresc of France
- 1610: Galileo Galilei and Simon Marius observe Jupiter's Galilean moons
- 1611: King James Bible or 'Authorized Version' first published
- c. 1612: The first flintlock musket likely created for Louis XIII of France by gunsmith Marin de Bourgeoys
- 1614: John Napier introduces the logarithm to simplify calculations
- 1620: Cornelius Drebbei, funded by James I of England, builds the first 'submarine' made of wood and greased leather
- 1623: The first English dictionary, 'English Dictionarie' is published by Henry Cockeram, listing difficult words with definitions
- 1628: William Harvey publishes and elucidates his earlier discovery of the circulatory system
- 1637: Dutch Bible published
- 1637: Teatro San Cassiano, the first public opera house, opened in Venice
- 1637: Pierre de Fermat formulates his so-called Last Theorem, unsolved until 1995
- 1637: Although Chinese naval mines were earlier described in the 14th century Huolongjing, the Tian Gong Kai Wu book of Ming Dynasty scholar Song Yingxing describes naval mines wrapped in a lacquer bag and ignited by an ambusher pulling a rip cord on the nearby shore that triggers a steel-wheel flint mechanism.
- 1642: Blaise Pascal builds an early mechanical calculator for addition and subtraction
- 1642: Mezzotint engraving introduces grey tones to printed images
- 1643: Evangelista Torricelli of Italy invents the mercury barometer
- 1645: Giacomo Torelli of Venice, Italy invents the first rotating stage
- 1651: Giovanni Riccioli renames the Lunar mare
- 1656: Christiaan Huygens describes the true shape of the rings of Saturn
- 1657: Christiaan Huygens develops the first functional pendulum clock based on the learnings of Galileo Galilei
- 1659: Christiaan Huygens first to observe surface details of Mars
- 1663: The first reflecting telescope is built by James Gregory based on suggestions of Italian astronomer Niccolo Zucchi
- c. 1670: Monk Dom Perignon discovers Champagne in France
- 1676: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek discovers Bacteria
- 1676: First measurement of the speed of light
- 1679: Binary system developed by Gottfried Leibnitz
- 1684: Calculus independently developed by both Gottfried Leibnitz and Sir Issac Newton and used to formulate classical mechanics
References
- ^ The Thirty-Years-War. Western New England College. Retrieved on 2008-05-24.
- ^ The Tatar Khanate of Crimea
- ^ Saint Luke as a Painter before Christ on the Cross. Humanities Web. Retrieved 30 September, 2007.
Decades and years