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1,4-Dichlorobenzene

1,4-Dichlorobenzene
IUPAC name 1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Other names para-Dichlorobenzene
p-Dichlorobenzene
p-DCB
PDB
Paramoth
Para crystals
Paracide
Identifiers
CAS number [106-46-7]
RTECS number CZ4550000
SMILES ClC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1
Properties
Molecular formula C6H4Cl2
Molar mass 147.00 g/mol
Density 1.25 g/cm³, solid
Melting point

53 °C
Boiling point

174 °C
Solubility in water 8 mg/100 ml (20 °C)
Hazards
EU classification Harmful (Xn)
Carc. Cat. 3
Dangerous for
the environment (N)
NFPA 704
2
2
0
 
R-phrases R36, R40, R50/53
S-phrases (S2), S36/37, S46,
S60, S61
Flash point 66 °C
Related compounds
Related compounds 1,2-Dichlorobenzene
1,3-Dichlorobenzene
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox disclaimer and references

1,4-Dichlorobenzene (para-dichlorobenzene, p-DCB, PDB) is the organic compound with the formula ClC6H4Cl. This colourless solid has an odor akin to that of camphor. It consists of two chlorine atoms substituted at opposing sites on a benzene ring. p-DCB is used a pesticide and a deodorant, most famously in mothballs in which it is a replacement for the more traditional naphthalene. p-DCB is also used as a precursor in the production of the polymer poly(p-phenylene sulfide).[1]

Contents

Production

p-DCB is produced by chlorination of benzene using ferric chloride as a catalyst:

C6H6 + 2 Cl2 → C6H4Cl2 + 2 HCl

The chief impurity is the 1,2 isomer.[1]

Uses

Disinfectant, deodorant, and pesticide

p-DCB is used to control moths, moulds, and mildew. It finds use as a disinfectant in waste containers and restrooms and is the characteristic smell associated with urinal cakes. Its usefulness in these arises from p-DCB's low solubility in water and its relatively high volatility: it sublimes readily near room temperature.

Precursor to other chemicals

The chlorides on p-DCB can be substituted with oxygen, amine, and sulfide groups. A fast-growing application is in the synthesis of the high performance polymer poly(p-phenylene sulfide):

ClC6H4Cl + Na2S → 1/n [C6H4S]n + 2 NaCl

Environmental effects

In air, 1,4-dichlorobenzene breaks down to harmless products in about one month. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene does not dissolve easily in water, and is not easily broken down by soil organisms. Like many hydrocarbons p-DCB is lipophilic and would accumulate in the fatty tissues.

Health effects

The US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has determined that p-DCB may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen, although there is no direct evidence. Animals given very high levels in water developed liver and kidney tumors. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set a maximum contaminant level of 75 micrograms of p-DCB per liter of drinking water (75 μg/L). p-DCB is also an EPA-registered pesticide. The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set a maximum level of 75 parts of p-DCB per million parts air in the workplace (75 ppm) for an 8-hour day, 40-hour workweek.

Little information is available on how children react to p-DCB exposure.

References

  1. ^ a b Manfred Rossberg, Wilhelm Lendle, Gerhard Pfleiderer, Adolf Tögel, Eberhard-Ludwig Dreher, Ernst Langer, Heinz Rassaerts, Peter Kleinschmidt, Heinz Strack, Richard Cook, Uwe Beck, Karl-August Lipper, Theodore R. Torkelson, Eckhard Löser, Klaus K. Beutel, “Chlorinated Hydrocarbons” in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2006 John Wiley-VCH: Weinheim.DOI: 10.1002/14356007.a06_233.pub2

External links

The original article is from Wikipedia. To view the original article please click here.
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